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I am forming 1.4828 by rolling.Does the ferrite number affect formability?
Alf (alfiofr@gmail.com)
C.Town, SA - Friday, September 03, 2010 at 12:26:49 (EEST)
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Can you give details for stainless steel 420 grade heat treatment and temper procedures with IS or BS reference numbers.
A Sivakumar (arusaivak@gmail.com)
Coonoor, india - Friday, October 09, 2009 at 18:28:58 (EEST)
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How to calculate Delta ferrite?
Effects increase with Delta ferrite percentage.
prasad (rpbobba@gmail.com)
jeddah, ksa - Monday, July 23, 2007 at 13:24:01 (EEST)
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I need som information about 1.4563 austenitic stainless steel such as hardness versus cold deformation.
Hamid (heattreatment_1356@yahoo.com)
Esfarayen, Iran - Sunday, March 04, 2007 at 13:35:20 (EET)
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found the discussion in the forum very informative. want to be a part of this form
zaheer (zaheersajid@37.com)
banglore, India - Friday, November 03, 2006 at 09:05:46 (EET)
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New feature added today ;-)
Jarmo (info@home.com)
town, Finland - Sunday, October 15, 2006 at 22:36:37 (EEST)
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Greetings!..!
Jimpson (svotyt@google.com)
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Webca (Webca)
Tokyo, Russia - Thursday, September 28, 2006 at 23:42:27 (EEST)
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Can you tell me the technology of smelting stainless steel in middle frequency induction (capacity # 1000kg per tap)and casting as small coin (bar #(60-80)x 80 x 1200)without Continous casting machine
Nguyen Ba Dung (Nbdung@gmail,com)
DaNang, Viet nam - Sunday, September 10, 2006 at 09:28:37 (EEST)
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Guayaquil, Ecuador - Tuesday, March 21, 2006 at 03:55:03 (EET)
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The same WRC diagram may be used generally for all austenitic stainless steel grades.
Forum admin (not@shown.com)
Domestic, Finland - Thursday, December 29, 2005 at 00:03:11 (EET)
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For ferrite number prediction in Austenitic Stainless Steel, is WRC1992 diagram for Different Grades(e.g., SA-240 304L/304LN/316L etc.) different or the same?
Jigar Patel (jbpa@hzw.ltindia.com)
Surat, India - Tuesday, November 29, 2005 at 17:21:04 (EET)
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Would stainless steel be considered natural? Has it occured naturally?
John (johnphillion@hotmail.com)
Kitchener, Canada - Tuesday, November 08, 2005 at 16:16:05 (EET)
IP-address 203.199.152.99 client Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows 98)
i would like to know details about the .spalling of outer layer. after sursulf treatment in case of engine valves.
what is the mechanism of spalling?what are the probable reasons? the surface appears to be rough and white mapping all over the surface.please add ur reply with a referance document.
jayshri karande (jayshrik@koel.co.in)
pune, india - Friday, May 27, 2005 at 12:17:44 (EEST)
IP-address 203.199.152.99 client Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows 98)
i would like to know details about the .spalling of outer layer. after sursulf treatment in case of engine valves.
what is the mechanism of spalling.what are the probable reasons? the surface appears to be rough and white mapping all over the surface.please add ur reply with a referance document.
jayshri karande (jayshrik@koel.co.in)
pune, india - Friday, May 27, 2005 at 12:16:48 (EEST)
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Reduce the ferrite of weldbed thru select of a consumable with higher nickel percentage. Make post-welding austenizing annealing.
Jarmo (@)
Finland - Saturday, April 23, 2005 at 17:08:21 (EEST)
IP-address 61.2.144.217 client Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows 98)
i am working with stainless steel fabrication and facing the problem of higher delta ferrite in welds , can anybody suggest tips to reduce the same?
p k issar (pkissar@rediffmail.com)
tarapur, india - Friday, April 22, 2005 at 21:41:05 (EEST)
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metformin, metformin - Thursday, April 21, 2005 at 16:40:02 (EEST)
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vioxx, vioxx - Wednesday, April 20, 2005 at 07:25:42 (EEST)
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atlantide, atlantide - Wednesday, March 23, 2005 at 16:10:40 (EET)
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atlantide, atlantide - Wednesday, March 02, 2005 at 05:17:31 (EET)
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Monday, February 28, 2005 at 10:26:51 (EET)
I want to know the heat treatment process of ss410. In this on different temperature what type of changes occure in structure.
Vimal lodha (vimal_3031@rediffmail.com)
Ahmedabad, India - Wednesday, December 29, 2004 at 04:50:29 (EET)
wE ARE TRYING TO GRIND dIA.50 mm AND LENGTH OF 4 METER -SS410 BARS ON CENTRELESS GINDING MACHINE.THE BARS ARE TO BE FINISH GROUND TO SPECIFIED ACCURACY AND SURFACE FINISH.
WE ARE USING WORK SUPPORTS OF CARBIDE TIPPED WITH SUITABLE THICKNESS AND SHAPE TO SUPPORT THE BAR.
PROBLEM:DURING GRINDING PROCESS THE WORK MATERIAL (SS 410 BAR) IS GETTING CLOGGED ON TO THE TIPPED WORK REST AND CAUSING VARIATIONS IN FINISH,SIZE AND ROUNDNESS.
CAN ANY ONE SUGGEST US TO COPEUP WITH THIS PROBLEM?
KUMAR .K.P. (progressive_ht@hotmail.com)
Hydera bad., INDIA - Wednesday, November 24, 2004 at 14:29:41 (EET)
I NEED TO KNOW THE SUITABLE STAINLESS STEEL FOR APPLICATION AT OPERATING TEMPERATURE OF 950DEG C.I SELECTED SA312TP310,WHICH HAS OXIDATION TEMPERATURE OF 1073DEG C.WILL SA312TP309 WILL BE O.K FOR MY APPLICATION.IF SO WHAT IS THE OXIDATION TEMPERATURE O
F SA312TP309?
PARTHASARATHY VASUDEVAN (P_VASUDEV@HOTMAIL..COM)
CHENNAI, INDIA - Thursday, November 04, 2004 at 16:35:31 (EET)
As you know, duplex stainless steels (50 %ferr/ 50 %aust),
are difficult to hot roll. If the deltaferrite content is lower,
let say 30 %, problems are severe (hot cracking).
Even with lower deltaferrite content (1 %Ferr) there exists some
problems and the cracks appear as surface defects on the hot rolled product.
Problem is larger if the steel (CrNi) is alloyed with Mo and N.
If the calculated deltaferrite content is "less than zero", other
type of hot cracking exists. Ce-microalloying helps there.
I have been supervisor for the work of Dr Jukka Kömi with
his research. Please see, what Google gives when you use
his name as search word.
Antero Kyröläinen
ProStainless Competence Center
Tornio, Finland
antero.kyrolainen@llaky.fi
Antero Kyröläinen
Finland - Friday, August 27, 2004 at 22:26:15 (EEST)
Hi. I am working in Qality Assurance.
I would like to know the significance of delta ferrite in affecting the hot rollability
of 300 series of stainless steel grades.. Also, I would also like to know what care should
be taken to overcome the effect of neagtive delta ferrite on hot rollability
Shridhar (vshridhar@tatawire.com)
Mumbai, India - Saturday, August 21, 2004 at 10:01:28 (EEST)
I will like to know the effect of halides ion in the corrosion of aluminium in HCl using Vitamin c
esther akrasi (akrasiblazer@yahoo.com)
uyo, Nigeria - Monday, August 09, 2004 at 21:03:33 (EEST)
Hi, I was wondering if there is a conversion table between Ferrite Numbers and the Percentage of Delta Ferrite.
John Orichowski (Benjohnny23@hotmail.com)
Edmonton, Canada - Tuesday, June 01, 2004 at 20:37:23 (EEST)
I am a student at the University of Alberta doing a research assignment on Stainless Steel. I would appreciate anyone's help in giving me some info on Stainless Steel items in the home.
Kitt (kittin_20@hotmail.com)
Edmonton, Canada - Thursday, April 22, 2004 at 05:52:50 (EEST)
er i was wondering what sort of controll factor i could get ob a pc10 overnut aluminium bar
and tube fine grip *drool* acceloratium or weather i should just stik with the argonated potassium finger?
your advice would be much apreciated and i eagerly await your hasty reply
abraham (i_know_it_ends_with@hotmail.com)
christchurch, newzealand - Wednesday, March 24, 2004 at 23:06:53 (EET)
Does anyone know the optimum thin film thickness for a nitriding process and the volume of gas required to deliver this using
a plasma nitriding process.
Jennifer (jennifer.walsh4@mail.dcu.ie)
Dublin, Ireland - Monday, February 09, 2004 at 21:31:30 (EET)
I am setting up a plasma beam nitriding process for SS316L and am wondering to obtain optimum characteristics should
I mix the nitrogen with hydrogen or argon? Or should I just determine the optimum set up for nitrogen and then add the other gases?
Also do I necessarily need to oxidis or anneal the substrates post nitriding?
Jennifer (jennifer.walsh4@mail.dcu.ie)
Dublin, Ireland - Sunday, February 08, 2004 at 17:15:09 (EET)
very delighted to find such a noble concept.
can anyone provide me with the details of the frequency & power requirement for induction hardening.
The component is an engine valve with 8.4mm dia.The required case depth is 1-2mm.
divya purohit (divyaflowers1@rediffmail.com)
nashik, india - Thursday, February 05, 2004 at 11:27:35 (EET)
I find it very useful and I would like to add my views also.
N.Murugan (drmurugan@yahoo.com)
Coimbatore, india - Saturday, January 31, 2004 at 03:42:21 (EET)
I was wondering if anybody knows of an equivalent to Custom 465 Stainless.
Tim Pham (tim.pham@messier-dowty.on.ca)
seattle, United States - Wednesday, January 28, 2004 at 18:49:26 (EET)
I wonder, is it really stainless. I would check the chemical composition, whether it contains ca 18 Cr, 9 Ni and Ti.
321H is rather insensitive for heattreatment within wide temperature range as the risk of sensitizing for intergranular
corrosion because of wrong annealing procedure should be especially minimal in case of a titanium stabilized grade.
The surfaces should be descaled either thru pickling or mechanically (shot blasting).
The surfaces should be clean of any iron containing particles, otherwise you get rust.
Heattreatment or mechanical descaling (scratching or brushing) will not make the material magnetic in a remarkable amount.
I suspect, it was magnetic before scratching already. Descaling does not remove the protective layer of the stainless
steels as they iare self-healing because of the very thin protective oxide film forming soon on the fresh metallic surfaces.
You can grind and polish the stainless steel as deep as you like without loosing its corrosion resistance.
Jarmo (jjlammi at yahoo)
Finland - Friday, January 16, 2004 at 20:23:47 (EET)
We have newly purchased expansion joints made up of A240-321H .The bellows as per manufacturer are annealed.
After erection it is observed that a layer of rust particle is formed only on bellows .
The surface finish is not at all like SS ie shiny , it is reddish brown .
So we removed the particle deposition by scratcing & found that it is magnetic .
Why does it happen with SS.Is it because of heat trearment given to the bellow .
Does the protective layer of SS vanishes after heat treatmetnt . The austenitic SS are non heat treatable .
So what are the bad effects of heat teatment such as annealing .Can some body focus on this .
Wheather we shoud remove the scaling formed on bellow , i mean is it necessary ,
Would this scaling have bad efect on bellow if not removed ,such as changing mechanical properties .
Pl reply on my e mail as early as possible as the issue is hot for me .
RAVI PARVATE (raviparvate@yahoo.co.in)
Jubail, Saudi Arabia - Sunday, January 04, 2004 at 08:23:45 (EET)
cosidering plasmanitriding process ,any study about nitro carbrising and sursulf process effect on mild steel aswell
as stainlesssteel and carbon steel grades ,site is knowelgable and interesting.thanks
KBWAGH (kbtigere@yahoo.co.in)
pune, INDIA - Friday, November 14, 2003 at 12:04:03 (EET)
Best formula for evaluation of the formability of austenitic stainless steels is the formula of
MD30-temperature designed by Mr Nohara, which has been presented on the homepage of Jarmo Lammi
(http://www.sci.fi/~benefon/Metallurgy.php). There is also
a calculator for MD30 etc. The more negative value MD30 gets, the more stabile is autenite during forming.
In deep draving, low MD30-value is good. You don't necessarily need to change the steel 304L to 316L, only higher Ni content !
Best regards, Antero
Antero Kyröläinen
Tornio, Finland - Tuesday, November 11, 2003 at 20:47:04 (EET)
We have used 304L SS in a cold forming drawing application and have experienced cracking when we have had relatively
high delta ferrite content (2.5%+). We have switched to 316L to help avoid that problem and use gaging to check
our incoming parts for ferrite content using a Severn Ferrite Indicator. In the last batch, we noted that our check
gave us .5% to 1% content, but the material certifications show a 2.9% de-long ferrite content.
Is there any significance to that or should we only be concerned with the actual content in our finished parts?
Please reply direclty to me at my email address. Any help is greatly appreciated.
Jim Mosier (jmosier@fele.com)
Muskegon, MI, USA - Friday, November 07, 2003 at 20:41:14 (EET)
Dear Friends, I'm building a center of expertise for stainless steel know how in Tornio(Finland).
This center includes info-office of stainless steels. There you can also ask things concerning stainless steels.
Our secretary there will coordinate answers to your questions. Her e-mail is: airi.ranta@urova.fi. Best regards, Antero K.
Antero Kyröläinen (antero.kyrolainen@llaky.fi)
Tornio, Finland - Tuesday, October 28, 2003 at 22:28:45 (EET)
Who could tell me about the suitable etchant used for releaving the grains of austenitic stainless steel
(304)& that used for releaving the grains of ferritic stainless steel.
hossam abdallah (hosso1971@yahoo.com)
cairo, egypt - Saturday, October 11, 2003 at 11:30:51 (EEST)
I have an application needing a machineable, readily weldable stainless steel. The steel must contain less than 0.2% Mo
(preferably none at all). The yeild strength of 304 is not quite high enough for me !!! .... Does anyone have any suggestions.
Cheers
Jason Langhorn (dr_barnabas@yahoo.com)
Elkhart, USA - Tuesday, September 30, 2003 at 18:59:04 (EEST)
Does anybody know the magnetic properties (permeability,...) of stainless steel 1.4301
Klaus Hense (klaus.hense@ifp.tuwien.ac.at)
vienna, Austria - Thursday, July 10, 2003 at 14:26:39 (EEST)
Does anyone know where I can find 429 s.s. sheet. I need 10 sheets of 16 gage measuring 4' x 8'. Thanks
Kevin Hamel (khamel@prototube.com)
Sterling Heights , USA - Wednesday, May 28, 2003 at 16:58:37 (EEST)
Austenitic stainless steel welding
Adnan Çalýk (acalik@tef.sdu.edu.tr)
ýsparta, Turkey - Thursday, March 27, 2003 at 10:52:57 (EET)
Who can tell me some info about Curie and Neel temperature of stainless steels, especially about type 300 series.
Any kind of reference is welcomed. Thank you!
Lefu Zhang (lefuzhang@163.net)
Morioka, Japan - Wednesday, February 19, 2003 at 10:55:20 (EET)
Cr, Mo and Si increase the permeability thru increasing the delta-ferrite content. See also the article by S. Yadav at
http://tdserver1.fnal.gov/tdlibry/TD-Notes/2001%20Tech%20Notes/TD-01-065.doc
about permeability decreasing effect of the elements C, N and Ni which increase the austenite stability.
Jarmo L (jj_lammi@ya_hoo.com)
Finland - Friday, November 01, 2002 at 23:13:03 (EET)
Which components in stainless steel 316 increase the magnetic permeability?
Harco Hermans (harco.hermans@ccm.nl)
Holland, Nuenen - Friday, August 02, 2002 at 16:31:38 (EEST)
Testing the new discussion forum site.
J L (jl@avesta.se)
Alvesta, Sweden - Wednesday, July 24, 2002 at 22:40:50 (EEST)
Dear Peter, 301 is used in quite small quantities.
Therefore it is not so good available.
1/2 Hard material is made by cold rolling without heat treatment.
You'll find the comparison to Euro standard on the previous page
of these home pages under the title "High strength temper rolled
stainless steels".
Antero (antero.kyrolainen@pp.inet.fi)
Tornio, - Wednesday, June 26, 2002 at 22:35:50 (EEST)
I would like to know why is it so difficult to obtain 301 SS
What does it mean when they say 1/2 hard 301?
Does the surface finish differs from mill to mill?
Peter Cheng (petercheng@pacific.net.sg)
Singapore, Singapore - Thursday, June 20, 2002 at 17:54:25 (EEST)
Spoons are typically austenitic steels, in some cases ferritic.
Antero (antero.kyrolainen@pp.inet.fi)
Tornio, Finland - Saturday, May 18, 2002 at 22:51:40 (EEST)
Hi, im a high school student researching the properties stainless steel. Could someone pls tell me the type of ss used in a common kitchen spoon. is it martensitic, ferritic or austenitic??? THANKS
MC
Australia - Sunday, May 12, 2002 at 14:42:38 (EEST)
Martti. If you mean welding wires and electrodes, it is AvestaPolarit Finland (formerly Avesta Welding) in Tuusula, which sells welding materials.
Antero (antero.kyrolainen@pp.inet.fi)
Tornio, Finland - Friday, March 29, 2002 at 20:08:09 (EET)
There has been some discussion on this site about drawability of 304-wires. From where can I get data on the analysis range of commercially available wires and electrodes for 1.4310, 1.4318 and 1.4301 steels?
Martti Vilpas (martti.vilpas@pp.inet.fi)
Helsinki, Finland - Sunday, March 24, 2002 at 09:41:16 (EET)
You could ask about absorption of nuclear radiation in stainless steel from professor Hannu Hänninen/ Helsinki University of Technology. He has worked with nuclear reactor materials. He also knows what happens in stainless steel in nuclear radiation.
Antero (antero.kyrolainen@pp.inet.fi)
Tornio, Finland - Wednesday, March 13, 2002 at 22:45:18 (EET)
Does anyone know the absorption rate of nuclear radiation for 316 stainless and a 455 martensitic stainless steel or where I can find this information?
Rudy Broekhuis (rudyb@globalconcepts.com)
Holland, USA - Monday, March 11, 2002 at 23:14:54 (EET)
That's a $100 question. You'll find a table for some physical properties included at the standard EN 10088-1.
It is by no means a complete presentation, e.g. there are no magnetic permeabilities shown.
Jarmo (jarmo@hates.spammers.com)
hometown, Finland - Monday, March 04, 2002 at 14:48:38 (EET)
How would you find out all of the physical properties of a stainless steel ie ASTM 304
McMullen (JMcMullen@bigpond.com)
Australia - Monday, March 04, 2002 at 02:46:38 (EET)
I am experimenting on 429/430 stainless steels for gas grill lids. I find some competitors' grills are not as susceptible to discoloration (browning) as others. I have done an anlysis of the materials they use and they are not dissimilar in material
designation. Is there a process or coating or cleaning method or special surfacing that is helping to slow this process? I have tested the materials under controlled atmosphere(oven) at the same temperature.
Dan Mitchell (dmitchell@charbroil.com)
Columbus, GA, - Wednesday, February 27, 2002 at 18:59:40 (EET)
There are several possible reasons for unexpected high workhardening: increased martensite content because of lower Md30 = austenite stability (low content of any alloying element), a coarse grain, lower forming temperature as result of lower drawing s
peed or better lubrication and coolant. Drawing tool geometry and reduction per pass may affect too the workhardening rate because of more complicated multiaxial deformation or changed degree of inhomegeneity of deformation.
My suggestion: perform a test series by Taguchi multivariable method to find out the most critical parameters quickly.
J. Lammi (jjlammi@nospams.yahoo.com)
Tornio, Finland - Saturday, December 29, 2001 at 01:09:00 (EET)
We are a stainless steel wire drawing unit . We sometimes observe that the work hardening coefficient for some heats of 304 steel suddenly shoots up more than expected .
What can cause such a behaviour ? ( either in chemical composition ( N2 ?) or rolling / drawing )
amar marathe (marathe@tatawire.com)
mumbai, India - Wednesday, December 26, 2001 at 11:53:58 (EET)
Dear Mr. Anton,
I am sorry to be replying after months -I had forgotten to bookmark this site, and quite accidentally re-discovered it tonight. Anyway, we have a saying here "de'r aayé purr durust aayé [ you came in late, but your coming is perfectly welcome...] Regardin
g plasma nitriding process, there thousands of papers on the internet. Just click on ion nitriding on plasma nitriding in any search engine and take yr pick. I have written a few workshop-oriented papers and these you can find by clicking on " www.ipfonli
ne.com "
or " www.industrialproductsfinder.com" and then typing my name ['Babi'] in the search window. A list of 16 to 18 papers will pop up. You can download what you like.
Secondly, I have developed a special plasma nitriding treatment for good quality chromeplated metal parts. This converts fully the chrome deposits to CrN with a depth of 10 microns or more. Compared to the PVD version, this process turns out to be several
times cheaper...
I am doing this on an industrial scale here.
Pl feel free to ask for more.
Tks and regds
M.A.K. Babi (maxbabi@vsnl.net)
Pune [Poona], INDIA - Tuesday, December 11, 2001 at 21:22:22 (EET)
Can anyone help me to find a high strength non corrosive materials with a yield strength of more than 200 KSI, and the exposed environment will be H2S, CO2, NaCL and H20. Also, it needs to have high operating temperature also. If you know of any mate
rials that have these characteristics, or know where I can search for them, please let me know. This material has to be obtainable, not just something that exists only on calculation because there are a tremendous potential for business if I can find thi
s material.
Thank you so much,
Jake.
Jake (hotaggie98@hotmail.com)
Houston, USA - Tuesday, November 20, 2001 at 05:34:07 (EET)
I am looking for the anisotropic coefficients of thermal expansion for austenite and ferrite stainless steels. Are there available data about that ?
Vincent Vignal (vincent.vignal@u-bourgogne.fr)
Dijon, France - Thursday, October 25, 2001 at 14:39:28 (EET DST)
Mr Babi, Could You please give me some good reference (paper) about plasma-nitriding treatment which also would give good examples of the applications. The treatment is very interesting. You are right, corrosion resistance is very interesting. You may
get lot of Cr-N phases on the surface layer when making the treatment. Regards Antero K.
Antero Kyröläinen (antero.kyrolainen@pp.inet.fi)
Tornio, Finland - Saturday, August 25, 2001 at 11:15:08 (EET DST)
Your site is good, but seems too technical. As if it is meant for only specialists....
I wish to start a discussion on 'plasma nitriding' of stainless steels. There is some difference of opinion amongst specialists regarding loss of corrosion resistance if surface hardness achieved is too high... more than 1000Hv.
What do the experts amongst site-visitors have to say?
- M.A.K. Babi [Pune -India]
MAK Babi (maxbabi@vsnl.net)
Pune [Poona], INDIA - Wednesday, August 22, 2001 at 17:36:42 (EET DST)
Besides discussion, any new ideas and your suggestions are also welcome for further building and development of this site. There is very little bureaucracy in updating of this site cauz I do it by myself.
Site Administrator (jjlammi at yahoo dot com)
homecity, Finland - Friday, August 17, 2001 at 09:44:14 (EET DST)
Mielnkiintoinen sivu, jonka löysin Anteron vinkin perusteella. Keskustelu lujista srt. teräksistä ja niiden hitsauksesta kiinnostaa täällä kovasti.
Martti Vilpas (martti.vilpas@vtt.fi)
Espoo, Finland - Wednesday, August 15, 2001 at 07:50:58 (EET DST)
Antero, keskustelu toimii taas!
Jarmo L. (jjlammi@home.net)
homecity, Finland - Friday, July 13, 2001 at 19:39:33 (EET DST)
More exact definition for Ultra-High Strength Stainless Steels (UHS-SS) was given to me by Mr Hans Groth from Prinox (AvestaPolarit Stainless). It is Rm > 1300 MPa. This definition can't be found in standards. Prinox has method
to tailor UHS-SS sheets for bending.
Antero Kyröläinen (antero.kyrolainen@pp.inet.fi)
Tornio, Finland - Sunday, June 03, 2001 at 10:01:31 (EET DST)
High strength stainless steels:
Please look at the tables of high strength stainless steels. With good reason can be claimed that high strength stainless steels are light weight metals, if you compare strength/density relation with structural aluminium alloys etc. This is valid for the
strength-critical structures.
Antero Kyröläinen (antero.kyrolainen@pp.inet.fi)
Tornio, Finland - Sunday, February 25, 2001 at 19:04:40 (EET)
Antero, nyt voisit testata tämän uusimman version toimintaa!
Jarmo (jjlammi@yahoo.com)
Tornio, Finland - Sunday, February 25, 2001 at 15:40:35 (EET)
I would suggest the ultra high strength stainless steels to a new
discussion!